Essay --

During a short conversation between the Duchess of Berwick, Lady Windermere, and Lord Darlington, author Oscar Wilde exposes such entertaining arrogance that the members of upper class society contain. All the blunt, cynical insults toward the lower class and sarcastic language between the character enlightens the arrogances of the characters and the cruel structure of their society considering the gaps between lower class and high class, along with men and women. The Duchess of Berwick is the first character that is introduced in the excerpt and immediately, there’s a clear idea of what kind of person she is. She has a very harsh conclusion of people below her, as seen; â€Å"I won’t let you know my daughter, you are far too wicked.† Although she knows Darlington well, she will not allow her daughter to think on her own and act on her own accord. It’s dominant that the Duchess values status along with wealth with the saying, â€Å"I don’t know what society is coming to. The most dreadful people seem to go everywhere.† She is very clearly seen to not like the lower class and thinks a bit...

Puerto Rico Independence? Essay -- essays research papers

To argue on Puerto Rican Independence, Commonwealth, or Statehood, we must first learn of the history of Puerto Rico. Growing up I was very ignorant about Puerto Rico. It wasn’t till I was in the Navy and got stationed in Puerto Rico did I really find out the small Caribbean island. Although Puerto Rico has an extensive history, I will only give a brief synopsis of it: In November 1493 Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Puerto Rico for the country of Spain. It remained a colonization of Spain until 1898 when Spain ceded the island to the United States after the Spanish-American war. In 1917 Puerto Rican’s became U.S. Citizens, but only 24% consider themselves as American (2000 census). Puerto Rico was also granted its own government and constitution, however, it had to be approved by the U.S. congress. Also Puerto Rico must obey our federal laws. In 1952 Puerto Rico became a â€Å"Commonwealth† associated with the United States. Puerto Rico does not p ay any federal income tax and yet still receive federal benefits. To make for this, they cannot vote in presidential elections and have no voting representation in congress. Puerto Rican Statehood has been a hot issue for several years. Currently, there are three views on this issue: Statehood (New Progressive Party or NPP), Commonwealth (Popular Democratic Party or PDP) and Independence (Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP). In this report, I hope to show each view clearly and back it up with documentation. VIEW OF STATEHOOD Statehood supporters "see the United States as a union of 50 sovereign states united to give their citizens the best opportunity to succeed in life. "They believe that Puerto Rico is in a unique position to join this union and partake of the benefits, and responsibilities, of being an integral part of the United States of America. There are economic, social, and political advantages to becoming the 51st state." PROS OF STATEHOOD In the economics of Puerto Rico, statehood has many pros. The first is that Puerto Rico will receive taxes from their citizens to build the infrastructure of the state. They will have an open market to trade with all nations that are in alliance with the U.S. With becoming a state, Puerto Rico will enjoy the benefits of America's high per capita income and low unemployment rates. "Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States ... ...erto Rico will be able to enter into trade agreements with other free nations as it so chooses. Chris Dodd, Bill Bradley, Pat Moynihan, and various members of the CBO, of Yale University and Harvard University, and others comment on the Independence economic model in very favorable terms. Every major financial analyst and economist in both the academic and federal sectors have expressed appreciation and approval to the economic strategy as being fair, equitable and workable. In a worse case scenario, Puerto Rico will operate under a combined budget of six billion dollars. Puerto Rico would receive revenue from sources such as customs, parks, excise taxes, user-paid tolls, and service fess. That is what several other small, independent nations are doing right now. Allen, R.E. The Dialogues of Plato, Volume II. London: Yale University Press Publisher, 1991. Grant, Michael. Cicero, Selected Works. Blatimore: Penguin Books Publisher, 1960. Dolan, John P. The Essentials Erasmus. New York: The new American Library Publisher, 1964 Internet. Plato (circa 428-C.-347 B.C) Plato Page. http://www.connect.net/ron/plato.html. Hare, R.M. Plato. London: Oxford University Press, 1892 Puerto Rico Independence? Essay -- essays research papers To argue on Puerto Rican Independence, Commonwealth, or Statehood, we must first learn of the history of Puerto Rico. Growing up I was very ignorant about Puerto Rico. It wasn’t till I was in the Navy and got stationed in Puerto Rico did I really find out the small Caribbean island. Although Puerto Rico has an extensive history, I will only give a brief synopsis of it: In November 1493 Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Puerto Rico for the country of Spain. It remained a colonization of Spain until 1898 when Spain ceded the island to the United States after the Spanish-American war. In 1917 Puerto Rican’s became U.S. Citizens, but only 24% consider themselves as American (2000 census). Puerto Rico was also granted its own government and constitution, however, it had to be approved by the U.S. congress. Also Puerto Rico must obey our federal laws. In 1952 Puerto Rico became a â€Å"Commonwealth† associated with the United States. Puerto Rico does not p ay any federal income tax and yet still receive federal benefits. To make for this, they cannot vote in presidential elections and have no voting representation in congress. Puerto Rican Statehood has been a hot issue for several years. Currently, there are three views on this issue: Statehood (New Progressive Party or NPP), Commonwealth (Popular Democratic Party or PDP) and Independence (Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP). In this report, I hope to show each view clearly and back it up with documentation. VIEW OF STATEHOOD Statehood supporters "see the United States as a union of 50 sovereign states united to give their citizens the best opportunity to succeed in life. "They believe that Puerto Rico is in a unique position to join this union and partake of the benefits, and responsibilities, of being an integral part of the United States of America. There are economic, social, and political advantages to becoming the 51st state." PROS OF STATEHOOD In the economics of Puerto Rico, statehood has many pros. The first is that Puerto Rico will receive taxes from their citizens to build the infrastructure of the state. They will have an open market to trade with all nations that are in alliance with the U.S. With becoming a state, Puerto Rico will enjoy the benefits of America's high per capita income and low unemployment rates. "Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States ... ...erto Rico will be able to enter into trade agreements with other free nations as it so chooses. Chris Dodd, Bill Bradley, Pat Moynihan, and various members of the CBO, of Yale University and Harvard University, and others comment on the Independence economic model in very favorable terms. Every major financial analyst and economist in both the academic and federal sectors have expressed appreciation and approval to the economic strategy as being fair, equitable and workable. In a worse case scenario, Puerto Rico will operate under a combined budget of six billion dollars. Puerto Rico would receive revenue from sources such as customs, parks, excise taxes, user-paid tolls, and service fess. That is what several other small, independent nations are doing right now. Allen, R.E. The Dialogues of Plato, Volume II. London: Yale University Press Publisher, 1991. Grant, Michael. Cicero, Selected Works. Blatimore: Penguin Books Publisher, 1960. Dolan, John P. The Essentials Erasmus. New York: The new American Library Publisher, 1964 Internet. Plato (circa 428-C.-347 B.C) Plato Page. http://www.connect.net/ron/plato.html. Hare, R.M. Plato. London: Oxford University Press, 1892

Organizational Performance Management Paper and Table

Medical facilities are forced into a position of working together for the sake of the patient. Nursing homes, doctor’s offices, rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and hospice centers all must communicate with each other in order to provide the best care possible. Due to advances in technology, these individual entities can communicate easier with each other than ever before. Email communications, video/telephone communications make acquiring important information less time consuming and exceptionally easy for anyone involved. These new technologies also make it easier for supervisors and subordinates to communicate information to each other, even when they happen to be in different locations. â€Å"When two individuals coordinate their actions within a predefined hierarchy—such as when supervisors communicate with subordinates—their interactions are an observable manifestation of organization-in-action. † (Bidel, Messersmith & Kelley, 2012). One of the most important aspects of attempting a staff buy-in to any change in policy or procedure is to make the staff feel as though they had a hand in deciding how to implement the new policy or procedure changes. Staff members like to feel that their voice and opinion matters in the decision making process where they work. Staff members feel this way because any policy changes or procedural changes are changes that will directly affect their everyday work habits and life. It is important for a facility to do everything they can to follow all regulatory statutes that are required of the business, but it is more important to have a staff that is willing to do all they can to help your business reduce any potential risks that could arise. Training the staff accordingly to follow the proper procedural directives in accordance with state/federal regulations will ensure that the facility is reducing as much of their risk as possible. It is also important to schedule points during the year for additional training for changes that are occasionally made to regulations within the accreditation process. If a medical facility does not stay on top of changing regulations they can find themselves in a bad position both legally and financially. Medical facilities can be put in position to lose their license to practice, be fined into closure, and depending on the level of the violation staff members could be risking jail time for not following regulations precisely. There is nothing more important in a medical facility than patient safety and being compliant of regulations and following regulations contributes to patient safety. Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals are health care organizations that provide post-acute care and services to patients who are discharged from acute care hospitals, but need a longer stay to get well. Patients admitted to LTACH’s are not well enough to be discharged home or to an Assisted Living Facility, where caregivers provide assistance for gainful living. Upon discharged from LTACH’s some patients in need of extensive rehabilitation were referred to Acute Care Rehabilitation Facilities for further care before the patient is discharged home. Terminally ill patients in need of palliative services, upon permission were discharged from Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals and were admitted to hospices for further end-of-life care (Jones, 2012). Each health care organization and assisted living facility are accredited and regulated by the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Service. They are also subjected to Joint Commission accreditation and standards to obtain and maintain accredited authority through the Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services, which operates under the jurisdiction of the Department of Health and Human Services. Healthcare organizations operating under state regulators may differ in Joint Commission standards (CMS, 2012). The Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Joint Commission establishes grounds and conditions for participation, and interprets guidelines for compliance. It is noted that Joint Commission’s hospital accreditation program were subjected to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) requirements for organizations seeking accrediting authority. The Joint Commission (JC) also provides CMS with surveys and reports for healthcare organizations requiring and requesting accreditation and seeking to participate in, and receive payment from Medicare and Medicaid programs. Healthcare organization must become certified and comply with the Conditions of Participation (COP) or federal standards (CMS, 2012). Certifications were based on surveys conducted by state agencies on the behalf of the Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). On the other hand, Joint Commission (JC) as a national accrediting organization can evaluate, and classify healthcare organizations as possessing standards that meet the criteria of federal Condition of Participation; therefore CMS may grant that particular accredited healthcare organization â€Å"deemed status,† which are not subjected to surveys conducted by Medicare. Deemed status options are available for hospices, home health agencies, assisted living facilities, hospitals, and other health care service providers (CMS, 2012). Risk and quality management compliments each other and are two important components in organizational structuring, maintenance, and securing the sustainability of health care organizations. They are among the most highly regulated sectors of commerce, especially because administrative liabilities and criminal sanctions could be imposed against health care organizations. Compliances to regulations and the developing risk and quality management systems, contributes to the each of these organization’s entire performance-management system. Effective management improves the healthcare provider’s ability to provide quality care. It promotes better patient, reduces errors, and reduces the likelihood of unexpected events (Lee, 2011). The overall performance management systems improve quality services, ensure better resource planning for effective utilization and ensure that the organization is in compliance with governing regulations that could affect licensing. Effective management also provides assurance to stakeholders that the healthcare organization is meeting expectations, which includes integrating risk and quality management systems that produce the right outcomes for continuance quality improvement and secure the organizations ability to serve public by providing quality care (Phoenix, 2011). Risk and quality management programs utilizes a performance management system to identify risk ,waste, identify federal standard, regulation, setting goals, requirements for accreditation, assigning accountability, monitoring performance and making adjustments as necessary. Evaluating progress, providing feedback and communicate results are among the many activities that comprise a performance management system. As you conduct your research, remember the broad efinition of a performance-management system: a comprehensive system used by an organization to ensure that the organization achieves its goals and improves its performance. A performance-management system is the overarching system that encompasses both risk management and quality management. Determine how compliance with the regulations and development of risk- and quality-management systems for each type of organization contribute to the organization’s overall performance-management system.

Psychological Perspectives for Health and Social Care Essay

The influence of individuals The key principals of the learning theory is when a child sees certain displays or acts of behaviour, that they are more likely to copy it. He argued that we learn through a process of imitating role models, but that we also imitate the actions that are seen that could be a possible interest. (Bandura, 1961) conducted a study to investigate if social behaviours such as aggression can be acquired by imitation. Bandura tested 36 boys and girls from the Stanford University Nursery School with children between 3 to 6 years old. The role models were one male adult and one female adult. Bandura then arranged for 24 of the boys and girls to watch a male or female model behaving aggressively towards a toy known as the bobo doll. The adults began to attack the doll in a distinctive manner, throwing the doll in the air and shouting. The researchers pre- tested the children for how aggressive they were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their aggressive behaviour on four five p oint rating scales. It was then possible for the children in the groups to be matched so that they had similar levels of aggression within their everyday behaviour. The children were then tested individually through three stages, which consists of modelling, which is studied as observational learning, as one needs to be paying attention, being able to store information effectively, and reproduction, which involves performing he behaviour that has been observed. Further practise of this skill will then lead to improvement and skill advancement. In stage two (Aggression Arousal) the child is then subjected to ‘mild aggression arousal’, which is when the child is taken to a room with relatively attractive toys. As soon as the child starts to play with the toys the experimenter tells the child that these were the experimenter’s very best toys and she had decided to reserve them for the other children. The final key stage is being tested for delayed imitation, which consisted of taking the children into a room with a number of aggressive toys consisting of mallets, tether balls, dart guns, and the Bobo Doll. The room also includes several non – aggressive toys, including crayons, paper, dolls, plastic animals and trucks. The children were then allowed to play in this room for  a period of 20 minutes while raters observed each child’s behaviour from behind a one way mirror and judged each child’s levels of aggression. This is the process of testing the individual on how much information has been previously retained, and how they transfer this information. The findings from this and similar studies have been used in the argument that media violence might be contributing in some degree to violence in society. The obvious criticism of this argument is that there are many other factors influencing whether or not we are likely to imitate screen violence. One of the major factors also is perhaps the level of aggression we already have, which might have been learned, in our family relationships or elsewhere. Social Learning Theory has also been used to explain the so-called ‘cycle of violence’, or more technically ‘the inter-generational transmission of aggression’. The basic idea is that if one has been the victim of (physical) abuse as a child, you are more likely to be an abusing parent than if you haven’t. It also increases the chances that you will be a wife – or a husband – â€Å"batterer†. It is also important to note that such early experiences make it more probable that people will become more aggressive but it is never certain, or inevitable. In addition to influencing other psychologists, Bandura’s social learning theory has had important implication in the field of education. Today, both teachers and parents recognize the importance of modelling appropriate behaviours. Other classroom strategies such as encouraging children and building self-efficacy are also rooted in social learning theory. The statement â€Å"Children who witness domestic violence are at increased risk of having abusive relationships as adults, researchers have found.† (BBC,2003) is based on the process of modeling, as the children who are susceptible to violence and abuse are more likely to take in what has been done and copy the behaviour. I personally think that Health and Social Care Services could not be able to target this on-going problem, because I feel that child abuse and domestic violence can still happen behind closed doors, when not reported, or when no tell-tale signs are shown. I feel that the Social Services could target this  problem more accurately by advertising it more, and spreading the word that it is okay to speak out. Charities such as NSPCC and NCDV help those who are being abused, or witnessing abuse. Other projects such as enlisting in more guest speakers to speak to children in schools about abuse or domestic violence, and how it can affect individuals around them. I think there should also be more counsellors enlisted in schools, to assist and assure pupils or children who are being abused that they have someone to speak to about their problems. Counselling sessions should also made widely available for groups of women who are experiencing domestic abuse, to come forward and know that they are not alone, because they do not deserve to suffer in silence. More family inspections should be carried out, as these can give away vital signs of abuse, so it is often critical that the services carry out these checks. The Social can also target this problem by urging schools or teachers who know of any child who is being abused to come forward. Doing all of the above will significantly help the increasing levels of children who are witnesses of domestic violence, and hopefully create a slightly safer environment for victims or witnesses and decrease the amount of domestic violence which occurs in the home. Campaigns The first campaign I am going to be analysing is the â€Å"Stop Knife Crime† campaign, launched in 2008, which was endorsed by David Beckham, Rio Ferdinand and David James, who are all football greats, and role models to many who are interested in the sports or football sector. This particular promotion has used these role models by photographing them holding up signs, which endorse the campaign’s slogan, â€Å"Stop Knife Crime, it doesn’t have to happen†. Also, the use of Beckham and Rio Ferdinand having encountered a knife crime experience, further adds to them being role models, as they can relate and understand the dangers of this topic more, and broadcast their understanding to the public. There was a 10% decrease in knife crime rates in London after this campaign. Funding was also being contributed to pay for 85 more portable search arches and 566 church wands to allow more operations to take place. The second campaign I am going to be analysing is a Weight Watchers campaign, endorsed by Jenifer Hudson, who managed to lose more than 80 pounds, going from a size 16/18 to a size 8. This particular promotion has used Jennifer as a role model because she is a successful singer, and she can relate and understand the situations that those who are trying to lose weight are going through. The campaign have further endorsed this by photographing her in pretty, glamorous outfits with slogans such as â€Å"I believe in WeightWatchers† and â€Å"I lost with WeightWatchers and I feel stronger than ever†, which would make women want to be or look just like her. WeightWatchers were successful with their promotion using Jenifer Hudson, as they had an increase in memberships in 2013. Application of the psychodynamic perspective The key contributors to this psychodynamic approach are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Carl Rogers. The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality. Anxiety is a disorder, and is according to (nhs.co.uk) â€Å" A feeling of unease, fear, or worry, that can be mild or severe†. Anxiety is something that everyone can also experience from time to time, without being given a diagnosis of it. Most people can relate to feeling tense and uncertain, and worrying about for example, going for a job interview. One may be worried about feeling uncomfortable, appearing foolish, or in how successful they will be. In turn, these worries can affect one’s sleep, appetite and ability to concentrate. Someone may experience anxiety for no reason because maternal conflicts can make a person feel anxious. In Freud’s view, anxiety arises when the ego cannot adequately balance the demands of the id and the superego, and the id begins to demand gratification of it’s impulses, and the superego demands maintenance of it’s moral standards. Some of the ways one can use to control their anxiety vary, as methods such as writing down any worries or concerns one might have, on a laptop, on a phone, or on paper. Also, by beginning to accept uncertainty could help one’s understanding that life’s problems do not require immediate solutions. By also doing things such as practising relaxation techniques, adapting healthy eating habits, reducing alcohol and nicotine intake, exercising regularly and getting enough sleep, could also help control anxiety. Application of the Humanist Perspective They key contributors to the Humanist Perspective were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The key concepts to this psychological approach are that humanistic psychologists study human behaviour, not only through the eyes of the observer, but also through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. The model of counselling developed by Carl Rogers was based on the psychological environment described as being one where a person felt free from threat, both physically and psychologically. This environment could be achieved when being in a relationship with a person who could have been deeply empathetic, accepting, and genuine. Empathy is defined by (google.com) as â€Å"The ability to understand and share the feelings of another†. An example that I have picked up on, or felt when someone has been empathetic towards me, is when I ask my best friends for my advice on a situation, and they are very understanding and listen to what I am telling them, by showing me actions of empathy, such as for example, nodding, saying â€Å"yeah† and â€Å"mm hmm†, which are general empathetic indicators. Active listening is not just about taking information in and processing it, but it is also our physical demeanour and body language. Egan (1986) devised five key components, which contribute to active listening, which goes back to the â€Å"SOLER† process. By inputting SOLER into active listening, an approach can be adapted with friends, family, or even colleagues The SOLER process can be interpreted to active listening in the following steps: S – Sit straight (this is important in conveying the message that ‘I am here with you’) O – Open posture (indicating openness to listening to anything that the speaker chooses to share) L – Lean forward (indicating an interest in the speaker’s words) E – Eye contact (another way of expressing interest and reassurance) R – Relax (a relaxed posture puts the speaker at ease). Applications of the Cognitive Perspective The key contributors to this particular theory were Ulric Neisser, Jean Piaget and Edward.C Tolman. The key concepts within this approach is that this perspective applies a nomothetic approach, which is an approach to research that seeks to establish broad generalizations or laws that apply to large groups of individuals to discover human cognitive processes, but has also adopted idiographic techniques through using case studies. Typically, cognitive theorists use the laboratory experiment to study behaviour. This is because the cognitive approach is a scientific approach. CBT is a form of talking theory that combines cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy. It focuses on how one thinks about the things going on in their life – their thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes, or cognitive processes, and how this impacts the way one will behave and deal with one’s emotional problems. It then looks at how one can then change the way they behave and deal with emotional problems. It then looks at how one can change any negative patterns of thinking or behaviour that may be causing difficulties. In turn, this can also change the way one feels. CBT can help one understand that this is what is going on and can help to step outside of automatic negative thoughts. By continuing to think and behave negatively, one will not have the chance to find out that their thinking and prediction may actually be wrong. Instead, the way one thinks  and acts can lead oneself to be more convinced that what they are thinking is true, which therefore breaks the cognitive triad. By using the CBT method, one will learn to recognise how they think, behave and feel, and also encouraged to check out other ways of thinking and behaving that may be more useful. A PTSD, better known as post-traumatic stress disorder, is an anxiety disorder caused by very stressful, frightening or distressing events, such as serious road accidents, violent personal assaults, prolonged sexual abuse, witnessing violent deaths, military combat, being held hostage, terrorist attacks, or natural disasters. Some of the symptoms associated with a PTSD will often relive the traumatic event that they went through, through nightmares and flashbacks, and may experience feelings of isolation, irritability and guilt. They may also have problems sleeping, such as insomnia, and find may find concentrating difficult. These symptoms are often quite severe and persistent enough to have a significant impact on one’s day to day life. CBT can be applied to treat PSD by using one of the various, but most preferred method, which is known as deep- diagraphamatic breathing, which is taught to patients as a quick method to calm the patient prior to and during real life exposure to the patient’s most – feared situation, for example, like starting to drive again after a lengthy period of avoidance, which could be brought on my their PTSD. Application of the Biological Perspective The key ideas or concept within the biological approach consist of three main components, which are the Physiology – which is how the nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, and how changes in structure or function can affect behaviour. Then there is the investigation of inheritance, which is what an organism inherits from its parents, better known as genetics, and finally, there is the comparative method, which involves studying different species of animal and studying and transferring these ideas to the analysis of human behaviour The biological approach was effective when looking at the study of children because all development within children tends to take place according to a biological plan, and by studying the physiological aspects of a child’s brain and how it works and progresses, and their inheritance, by studying them and their parents to see what has been inherited and link this to their developmental progress. Sources Used: Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S.A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-82. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/pages/introduction.aspx http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html http://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html http://www.holah.karoo.net/bandurastudy.html http://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/cognitive-behaviour-therapy/#.UthsQmTV9es http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/youthandthelaw/roots/volume5/chapter08_social_learning.aspx http://www.helpguide.org/mental/anxiety_types_symptoms_treatment.htm http://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm http://www.simplypsychology.org/Systematic-Desensitisation.html http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychodynamic.html http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anxiety/Pages/Introduction.aspx http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/personality/section2.rhtml http://www.bapca.org.uk/about/what-is-it.html http://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2011/08/25/active-listening-through-body-language/ http://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/counselloradvice36.html http://www.simplypsychology.org/biological-psychology.html

Capital Punishment Essays (10436 words) - Human Rights, Free Essays

Execution of criminals and political opponents has been used by nearly all societies?both to punish crime and to suppress political dissent. In most places that practice capital punishment it is reserved for murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries sexual crimes, such as rape, adultery, incest and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as apostasy in Islamic nations (the formal renunciation of the State religion). In many countries that use the death penalty, drug trafficking is also a capital offense. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny.[14] Anarchist Auguste Vaillant guillotined in France in 1894The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. Communal punishment for wrongdoing generally included compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment, shunning, banishment and execution. Usually, compensation and shunning were enough as a form of justice.[15] The response to crime committed by neighbouring tribes or communities included formal apology, compensation or blood feuds. A blood feud or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of an arbitration system based on state or organised religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour. "Acts of retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies (as well as potential allies) that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished."[16] However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish between a war of vendetta and one of conquest. Severe historical penalties include breaking wheel, boiling to death, flaying, slow slicing, disembowelment, crucifixion, impalement, crushing (including crushing by elephant), stoning, execution by burning, dismemberment, sawing, decapitation, scaphism, or necklacing. The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer, by Jean-L?on G?r?me (1883). Roman Colosseum.Elaborations of tribal arbitration of feuds included peace settlements often done in a religious context and compensation system. Compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material (e.g. cattle, slave) compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, or transfers of property or blood money or in some case an offer of a person for execution. The person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the system was based on tribes, not individuals. Blood feuds could be regulated at meetings, such as the Viking things.[17] Systems deriving from blood feuds may survive alongside more advanced legal systems or be given recognition by courts (e.g. trial by combat). One of the more modern refinements of the blood feud is the duel. Giovanni Battista Bugatti, executioner of the Papal States between 1796 and 1865, carried out 516 executions (Bugatti pictured offering snuff to a condemned prisoner). Vatican City abolished its capital punishment statute in 1969.In certain parts of the world, nations in the form of ancient republics, monarchies or tribal oligarchies emerged. These nations were often united by common linguistic, religious or family ties. Moreover, expansion of these nations often occurred by conquest of neighbouring tribes or nations. Consequently, various classes of royalty, nobility, various commoners and slave emerged. Accordingly, the systems of tribal arbitration were submerged into a more unified system of justice which formalised the relation between the different "classes" rather than "tribes". The earliest and most famous example is Code of Hammurabi which set the different punishment and compensation according to the different class/group of victims and perpetrators. The Torah (Jewish Law), also known as the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Christian Old Testament), lays down the death penalty for murder, kidnapping, magic, violation of the Sabbath, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence suggests that actual executions were rare.[18] A further example comes from Ancient Greece, where the Athenian legal system was first written down by Draco in about 621 BC: the

The Joy Luck Club (novel) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Joy Luck Club (novel) - Essay Example Both Jing-mei and Waverly happen to be the daughters of the women who have high expectations of their daughters and do not hesitate to push them so as to make them fulfill the dreams they have regarding them. Also, both Jing-mei and Waverly choose to revolt against the aspirations of their mothers, to lead a life that is in consonance with their innate yearnings and needs. One particular thing about Jing-mei is that she is never able to understand her mother’s high expectations from her and thereby leads a considerable part of her life feeling dejected and confused. Her mother’s expectations from her happened to be unrealistic and not in harmony with what she actually wanted to do in life. Though her mother discernibly encouraged her to be anything she desires to be, yet in her heart she wanted her daughter to be a star. She expects her to be a piano prodigy irrespective of the fact that June had no taste for music and her vociferous protests as, â€Å"I’m not y our slave. This isn’t China. You can’t make me (Tan 150)!† The troubled consciousness of Jing-mei is extremely hurt by the obstinacy of her mother as she says, â€Å"Only two kinds of daughter: obedient or follow own mind. Only one kind of daughter can live in this house, obedient kind (Tan 151).† Thereby, June tends to have a hazy self concept and feels like a failure as she regrets her mother’s misplaced expectations, â€Å"My mother and I really never understood one another (Tan 27).† She always felt that she was insufficient and that something really lacked in her troubled life I contrast, Waverly, daughter of Lindo not only happens to be gifted from an early age, but she also happens to be proud and confident about her abilities as she says, â€Å"When I was playing chess, I trusted in myself completely (Tan 25).† She never shared the misgivings, confusion and a sense of dejection and despondency that June is required to face for a major part of her life. Waverly happens to be a girl who has a mind of her own and who could take decisions regarding her like, unlike the wavering and mild June. Yet, very much like June, though being successful and independent, Waverly also badly yearns for the approval of her mother. Quiet akin to June, Waverly really regrets her mother’s habit of bragging about her talent for chess and the high expectations she heaped on her. Thereby like June, Waverly is averse to her mother’s perception of her and how she vitiated her life as she acknowledges her influence on her life by saying, â€Å"What she said was like a curse. This power I had- I could actually feel it draining away (Tan 90).† Hence, though Waverly differed from June in being gifted and endowed with exceptional abilities, yet, like June she also happened to be a victim of great motherly expectations and the domestic pressure that was placed on her right from childhood to be something exceptional an d successful. June and Waverly shared a vitiated and enforced relationship since both of them happened to be childhood rivals right from an early age. Both of their lives were largely shadowed by their mothers’ habit of comparing their talent, abilities and accomplishments. Waverly was gifted in chess and her mother used it as a tool to make June’s mother feel low, a thing that placed both June and Waverly under immense embarrassment and pressure and made them feel inimical towards each other. June particularly feels humiliated by the arrogance

Letter of explanation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter of explanation - Essay Example Coming from a family with such strong feelings about learning about languages, my chosen ESOL classes encompassed aspects related to reading, writing, grammar and speech. These classes were attended from basic to advanced levels to achieve a good command over the language. The field of study that has always attained my attention is business administration. I have always found myself inclined towards the study of interesting modes and processes of businesses that make only few of them different than the rest. This interest has evolved into a dream of acquiring a bachelor degree in the field of business administration. Upon my arrival in this country, I was aware of the fact that I would not be able to fulfill my dream of attaining the above stated degree in the absence of fluency in English. Therefore, the fulfillment of my dream to have a bachelor degree also provoked me to attend multiple ESOL classes in the beginning of my college career. After attending ESOL classes, I have sensed a great difference in my academic performance since I am able to comprehend the on-going lectures and class discussions in a better manner. My questions do not remain unanswered since I can frame my queries in a correct manner. Class discussions have gotten more interesting and make me learn many things that cannot be comprehended in isolation. I believe that my time spent in ESOL classes have proved to be an important factor in helping me attain good academic results and experience of a productive college career. Learning a new language does not only facilitate the effective acquisition of education in another country, it also helps the individual in mingling with the prevailing culture and norms of the society. Fluency in the language of the region tends to remove the communication barriers and helps in getting one comfortable with his new surroundings. This kind of psychological aspect has also been facilitated from